Blended Learning Models Supported by Educational Technology: A Systematic Literature Review of Instructional Quality and Effectiveness
Keywords:
Blended Learning, Educational Technology, Instructional Quality, Learning Effectiveness, Higher EducationAbstract
Blended learning has emerged as a dominant instructional paradigm in higher education, integrating face-to-face teaching with digital learning environments supported by educational technology. Despite widespread implementation, variability persists in instructional quality and measurable learning outcomes. This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical research published in Q1-indexed journals between 2014 and 2025 to examine how blended learning models supported by educational technology influence instructional quality and effectiveness. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines proposed by Page, M. J., 67 peer-reviewed studies were included after a multi-stage screening process across Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC databases.The review identifies dominant blended learning models, including the rotation model, flex model, enriched virtual model, and flipped classroom design, and analyzes how technological affordances such as Learning Management Systems, adaptive learning platforms, artificial intelligence tools, and learning analytics mediate instructional quality. Findings demonstrate that blended learning significantly improves academic achievement, learner engagement, and self-regulated learning when pedagogical alignment is achieved. Theoretical framing draws on constructive alignment theory introduced by Biggs, J. and blended learning conceptualization advanced by Graham, C. R..However, effectiveness is moderated by instructor digital competence, institutional infrastructure, learner readiness, and contextual equity factors. This review proposes an integrated conceptual model linking blended learning configurations, technological affordances, and instructional quality dimensions. The findings contribute to the refinement of blended learning implementation frameworks and provide strategic guidance for higher education institutions seeking scalable, high-quality digital transformation.
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